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AVG和SUM
可以对数值型数据使用AVG 和 SUM 函数
代码案例
SELECT AVG(salary), SUM(salary), AVG(salary) * 107 FROM employees;
# 错误案例:
# 如下的操作没有意义,因为不是数值类型
SELECT SUM(last_name), AVG(last_name), SUM(hire_date) FROM employees;
MIN和MAX函数
SELECT MAX(salary), MIN(salary) FROM employees;
SELECT MAX(last_name), MIN(last_name), MAX(hire_date), MIN(hire_date) FROM employees;
COUNT函数
# 计算指定字段在查询结构中出现的个数(不包含NULL值的)
SELECT COUNT(employee_id), COUNT(salary), COUNT(2 * salary), COUNT(1), COUNT(2), COUNT(*) FROM employees;
# 计算表中有多少条记录
# 方式1:COUNT(*)
# 方式2:COUNT(1)
# 方式3:COUNT(具体字段),不一定对
# 注意:计算指定字段出现的个数时,是不计算NULL值的
SELECT COUNT(commission_pct) FROM employees;
# 公式:AVG = SUM / COUNT
SELECT AVG(salary), SUM(salary)/COUNT(salary),
AVG(commission_pct), SUM(commission_pct)/COUNT(commission_pct),
SUM(commission_pct) / 107
FROM employees;
# 查询公司中平均奖金率
# 错误写法:如果某些人的奖金为null,则不会计算
SELECT AVG(commission_pct) FROM employees;
# 正确写法
SELECT SUM(commission_pct) / COUNT(IFNULL(commission_pct,0)),
AVG(IFNULL(commission_pct,0))
FROM employees;
# 如何需要统计表中的记录数,使用COUNT(*)、COUNT(1)、COUNT(具体字段) 哪个效率更高
# 如果使用的是MyISAM 存储引擎,则三者效率相同,都是O(1)
# 如果使用的是InnoDB 存储引擎,则三者效率:COUNT(*) = COUNT(1)> COUNT(字段)
GROUP BY
# 查询各个部门的平均工资,最高工资
SELECT department_id, AVG(salary), SUM(salary) FROM employees GROUP BY department_id
# 查询各个job_id的平均工资
SELECT job_id, AVG(salary) FROM employees GROUP BY job_id;
# 查询各个department_id,job_id的平均工资
# 方式1:
SELECT department_id, job_id, AVG(salary) FROM employees GROUP BY department_id, job_id;
# 方式2:
SELECT job_id, department_id, AVG(salary) FROM employees GROUP BY job_id,department_id;
# 错误写法:job_id是非组函数,但没有写在group by中
SELECT department_id, job_id, AVG(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;
# 错误原因:SELECT中出现的非组函数的字段必须声明在GROUP BY 中
# 反之,GROUP BY中声明的字段可以不出现在SELECT中
# GROUP BY 声明在FROM后面、WHERE后面,ORDER BY 前面、LIMIT前面
# MySQL中GROUP BY中使用WITH ROLLUP,用于统计
SELECT department_id, AVG(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id WITH ROLLUP;
# 查询各个部门的平均工资,按照平均工资升序排列
SELECT department_id, AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
ORDER BY avg_sal ASC;
# 当使用ROLLUP时,不能同时使用ORDER BY子句进行结果排序,即ROLLUP和ORDER BY是互相排斥的
# 错误写法
SELECT department_id, AVG(salary) avg_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id WITH ROLLUP
ORDER BY avg_sal ASC;
HAVING
1. 行已经被分组
2. 使用了聚合函数
3. 满足HAVING 子句中条件的分组将被显示
4. HAVING 不能单独使用,必须要跟 GROUP BY 一起使用
# 查询各个部门中最高工资比10000高的部门信息
# 错误写法:不能在 WHERE 子句中使用聚合函数
SELECT department_id, MAX(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE MAX(salary) > 10000
GROUP BY department_id;
# 如果过滤条件中使用了聚合函数,则必须使用HAVING来替换WHERE。否则会报错
# HAVING 必须声明在 GROUP BY 的后面
#正确的写法:
SELECT department_id, MAX(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MAX(salary) > 10000;
# 开发中,我们使用HAVING的前提是SQL中使用了GROUP BY,也即是说使用了having就必须使用group by
# 查询部门id为10,20,30,40这4个部门中最高工资比10000高的部门信息
# 方式1:推荐,执行效率高于方式2
SELECT department_id, MAX(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (10,20,30,40)
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MAX(salary) > 10000;
#方式2:
SELECT department_id, MAX(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MAX(salary) > 10000 AND department_id IN (10,20,30,40);
# 当过滤条件中有聚合函数时,则此过滤条件必须声明在HAVING中
# 当过滤条件中没有聚合函数时,则此过滤条件声明在WHERE中或HAVING中都可以。但建议声明在WHERE中
/*
* WHERE 与 HAVING 的对比
* 1. 从适用范围上来讲,HAVING的适用范围更广。
* 2. 如果过滤条件中没有聚合函数:这种情况下,WHERE的执行效率要高于HAVING
*/
SELECT ... FROM ... WHERE ... GROUP BY ... HAVING ... ORDER BY ... LIMIT...
FROM -> WHERE -> GROUP BY -> HAVING -> SELECT 的字段 -> DISTINCT -> ORDER BY -> LIMIT
课后练习
# 1. where子句不能使用组函数进行过滤
# 2.查询公司员工工资的最大值,最小值,平均值,总和
SELECT MAX(salary) max_sal, MIN(salary) mim_sal, AVG(salary) avg_sal, SUM(salary) sum_sal FROM employees;
# 3.查询各job_id的员工工资的最大值,最小值,平均值,总和
SELECT job_id, MAX(salary), MIN(salary), AVG(salary), SUM(salary) FROM employees GROUP BY job_id;
# 4.选择具有各个job_id的员工人数
SELECT job_id, COUNT(*) FROM employees GROUP BY job_id;
# 5.查询员工最高工资和最低工资的差距(DIFFERENCE)
SELECT MAX(salary) - MIN(salary) "DIFFERENCE" FROM employees;
# 6.查询各个管理者手下员工的最低工资,其中最低工资不能低于6000,没有管理者的员工不计算在内
SELECT manager_id, MIN(salary) FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY manager_id
HAVING MIN(salary) >= 6000;
# 7.查询所有部门的名字,location_id,员工数量和平均工资,并按平均工资降序
SELECT d.department_name, d.location_id, COUNT(employee_id), AVG(salary)
FROM departments d LEFT JOIN employees e
ON d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
GROUP BY department_name, location_id
# 8.查询每个工种、每个部门的部门名、工种名和最低工资
SELECT d.department_name, e.job_id, MIN(salary)
FROM departments d LEFT JOIN employees e
ON d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
GROUP BY department_name, job_id
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